Ta'lim innovatsiyasi va integratsiyasi

TYPES OF ROOT AND AFFIXAL MORPHEMES

Iskandarov Hayotbek

Abdurakhmanova Zilola

Ключевые слова: Key words:affixes,principal meaning,stem to create,new word, modify the meaning of the existing word, prefixes, suffixes, infixes,circumfixes.

---

Аннотация

Annotation A root morpheme, or simply a root, is the core form of a word to
which affixes can be added. It's the foundational element that carries the principal
meaning of a word. Roots are often morphemes that can stand alone as words in their
own right.
Affixal morphemes, also known as affixes, are morphemes attached to a root or
stem to create a new word or modify the meaning of the existing word. They can be
prefixes, suffixes, infixes, or circumfixes.

---

Библиографические ссылки

Free Roots: Free roots can stand alone as complete words without any

additional morphemes. For example, the root "write" in the word "write" is a free root.

Bound Roots: Bound roots cannot function as independent words and must be

combined with other morphemes to form words. An example of a bound root is "struct"

in the word "construct," which needs the prefix "con-" to form a complete word.

Affixal Morphemes:

Prefixes: Prefixes are morphemes that are added to the beginning of a word to

change its meaning or create a new word. For example, the prefix "re-" in the word

"rewrite" changes the meaning of the root "write" to "write again."

Suffixes: Suffixes are morphemes that are added to the end of a word to change

its meaning or function. For instance, the suffix "-er" in the word "teacher" changes the

verb "teach" to a noun indicating a person who teaches.

Infixes: Infixes are morphemes that are inserted within a word to change its

meaning. While infixes are rare in English, they are more common in other languages.

An example is the Tagalog word "laba" to "nilalaba" where "ni" is inserted to indicate

an ongoing action.

Circumfixes: Circumfixes are pairs of morphemes attached to a root, with one

part preceding the root and the other following it to create a word. For example, in

German, the verb "trinken" (to drink) when transformed for past tense becomes

"getrinkt" with the prefix "ge-" and suffix "-t" completing the transformation.

Understanding root and affixal morphemes is essential for understanding the

structure of words and forming new words in a language. It also aids in understanding

the etymology and historical development of words.

In conclusion, root morphemes are the basic building blocks of words, carrying

essential meanings and forming the core of vocabulary. They can be free or bound, and

they provide the foundation for word formation and analysis.

On the other hand, affixal morphemes are added to root morphemes to modify

their meaning, create new words, or change their grammatical function. These include

prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes, each of which plays a crucial role in

expanding and modifying the vocabulary of a language.

Understanding the different types of root and affixal morphemes is essential for

linguistic analysis, vocabulary expansion, and language learning. It provides insight

into the structure and meaning of words, facilitating effective communication and

comprehension.